How Congress and the drug industry created a trap for American seniors and people with disabilities The costly, confusing, and corrupt design of Part D will cause dire health consequences as 7 million Americans fall into a doughnut hole from which few will escape
By Jeff Cruz & Roger Hickey
Executive Summary
When Congress created the Part D prescription drug program in 2003, they designed the program to benefit the pharmaceutical industries and their other special interest campaign contributors, rather than for American seniors and disabled people. The resultant drug benefit is needlessly complicated, confusing and costly, forbids Medicare from negotiating lower prices like the Veterans Administration does, and doesn’t allow enrollees the choice of a guaranteed benefit directly from Medicare.
Another major flaw in the design is the coverage gap, known as the doughnut hole, into which about 7 million Americans are expected to fall.1 This directly punishes middle class retirees and disabled people who’ve worked their entire lives and don’t qualify for special poverty assistance, yet still need to live on meager fixed incomes. The median per capita income for retirees is $14,664. Many individuals who hit the doughnut hole are forced to choose between eating dinner and getting their prescription drugs.2 This doughnut hole actually costs taxpayers more money, as those without coverage report worsening health and an increase in emergency hospital visits which are covered by traditional Medicare.
Tragically, mortality rates have increased by nearly 25% where prescription drug coverage has been capped, such as with the doughnut hole.3
The average senior who enrolled in Medicare at the beginning of this year will hit the doughnut hole on September
22. Many individuals will enter the doughnut hole much sooner. Out of those individuals who enter the doughnut hole, which perhaps more appropriately should have been called the black hole, few will have the resources to escape. Those who do manage this feat will quickly be plunged right back into the hole the following year. Unfortunately, the doughnut hole will grow each and every year, worsening its effects.
Congress needs to fill in the doughnut hole by fixing the fundamental flaws in the design of Part D. Legislation, such as the Medicare Prescription Drug Savings and Choice Act, would save enrollees and taxpayers alike by offering a benefit directly from Medicare with negotiated prices. These savings should be used to eliminate the doughnut hole.
3.Introduction/overview of doughnut hole
The 2003 Medicare Modernization Act was created to provide a badly needed prescription drug benefit for American senior and disabled citizens, but it unfortunately included many provisions that are actually harmful to the intended beneficiaries. These misguided provisions include forbidding Medicare to negotiate for lower prices, forcing seniors to choose among private plans without the option of getting a benefit directly from Medicare, and allowing these private plans to change their prices and drugs covered at any time while American seniors and disabled people are not allowed to change their enrollment until the next open season. Another particularly harmful provision was the creation of a coverage gap, known as the doughnut hole, which was included in the fundamental design of the program. The consequences to seniors who fall into the doughnut hole are dire, and in some cases can even be fatal.
Under Part D, standard enrollees will have to pay the first $250 of their medications (in 2006). After this initial deductible, 75% of their drug costs will be covered, leaving the beneficiary to pay the remaining 25%. However, once the total medication costs have exceeded $2,250 (in 2006), the senior or disabled person must pay for their drugs completely out of pocket, while still paying a monthly premium. This is the gap in coverage that is known as the doughnut hole.
Individuals can only escape the doughnut hole if their total drug costs exceed $5,100 (in 2006), when the catastrophic coverage kicks in and 95% of drug costs are covered. But very few Americans who enter the doughnut hole are expected to get out, and those who do will quickly plunge back into it the following year.
This poor design has many consequences for seniors and the disabled. The best case scenario is that it only makes signing up for Part D even more confusing, adding another dimension to comparing the costs of up to 40 competing plans, each with different formularies, premiums, and deductibles, as well as making it more difficult to budget for annual out-of-pocket costs.
To understand the current Part D drug program requires a level of health literacy that few
individuals posses. In fact, a General Accounting Office (GAO) probe conducted during the period leading up to the enrollment deadline found that even when people did get through to one of the government’s paid customer service representatives, one-third of all callers received inaccurate, incomplete, or inappropriate responses to basic questions.
4 Even more troubling, help line officials were accurate only 41% of the time when answering which plan would be cheapest for seniors who must take specific drugs.5
Part D can also cause seniors severe shock as their drug costs fluctuate wildly from one month to the next. But this is only the best-case scenario. The worst-case scenario is that seniors won’t be able to afford the prescription drugs they need and will be forced to make decisions that can be hazardous, even fatal, to their health and ultimately more expensive to American taxpayers.
This needlessly costly and confusing prescription drug benefit was the product of a Republican controlled Congress that was eager to please the powerful and well-funded pharmaceutical lobby. They could have easily made Part D in the mold of traditional Medicare, a government program that is simple to sign up for, has very low costs per enrollee and offers guaranteed coverage. But Part D was instead designed to be a confusing morass of private plans, each with different drug formularies, co-payments, deductibles and premiums.
Perhaps this is because the Republican Congressional leaders behind the program were beholden to a pharmaceutical industry, and its 952 lobbyists, that filled their campaign coffers.7 Under Republican Majority Leader Tom Delay’s K Street Project, industries were permitted unprecedented access to the creation of legislation in return for their political/financial help. Former Republican Rep. Billy Tauzin (R-LA) chaired the House Energy and Commerce Committee, which has jurisdiction over Medicare and is credited with guiding the law’s passage. Tauzin reportedly negotiated his new job for the drug industry’s PAC, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), while creating Part D.8 The pay at his new position is reported to be at least $2 million a year, making him one of the highest-paid lobbyists in Washington.
In creating the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act, the pharmaceutical industry was given free rein to write a program designed more for its profit than for the needs of American seniors and disabled. Because the Republican Congress catered to these special interest groups, the legislation was specifically written to forbid the U.S. from negotiating lower drug prices, like the Veterans Administration has done successfully for years, and instead created a large coverage gap in which Americans would receive no prescription drug help whatsoever, even while still paying a monthly deductible.
Seven million to hit the doughnut hole
According to the conservative estimates of the Kaiser Family Foundation, it is predicted that out of the 11.8 million Medicare enrollees whose plans include a coverage gap, nearly 7 million of these individuals would hit the doughnut hole.9 And a Kaiser researcher noted that this number could even be potentially much higher.10 Furthermore, this doesn’t include the 4.2 million who didn’t sign up for the benefit because it was so costly and confusing. If you include these individuals, who don’t have any prescription drug assistance whatsoever, the number of Americans who will fall into the doughnut hole this year will be more than 11 million.
While the administration highlights the fact that plans exist that offer some coverage in the doughnut hole, these plans make up only 15% of all plans offered, are much more expensive and often have severe restrictions that still limit access to prescription drugs during this period.11
Because of the added costs and restrictions, only about 10% of stand-alone Part D enrollees and about 27% of Medicare HMO members enrolled in such plans.12
The growth of the doughnut hole
An important thing to remember about the doughnut hole is that its consequences are not stagnant. The doughnut hole will actually grow and increase over time, as shown in Figure 1 below. Under the standard plan the deductible increases by $25 annually so that the $250 deductible in 2006 would grow to $275 in 2007, $300 in 2008, and so forth. Of course, this is the standard benefit and not necessarily what each of the private plans would offer, but the government payout to these plans will certainly influence what terms they give their customers.
The increasing threshold for catastrophic coverage will be more significant to the 9-10%
annual increase in the doughnut hole.13 Reaching the catastrophic coverage threshold in 2006 requires $5,100 in total drug spending, but this rises to $5,596 in 2007 and $6,158 in 2008. While the level of spending in the 25% coinsurance range will also increase, it does not increase at the same rapid rate as the catastrophic level increases. As a result, the total size of the doughnut hole will rapidly increase over time and engulf more and more Americans if no legislative changes are made to fix Part D.
Doughnut Hole Day
The millions of Americans with Part D coverage have different spending patterns and prescription drug needs, but the average Medicare enrollee’s total drug spending for 2006 is estimated to be $3,081.14
Accordingly, this means that an average Medicare beneficiary who enrolled in a stand-alone drug plan on Jan. 1st would be paying $257 dollars a month and would fall into the doughnut hole on Sept. 22nd. Of course, many seniors have already entered the doughnut hole and there will certainly be many seniors who won’t hit the doughnut hole until later in the year.
Nevertheless, Sept. 22nd is the day that an average senior who enrolled in Part D would enter the doughnut hole. This dubious holiday has been dubbed “Doughnut Hole Day.”
Because of the rapid growth of the doughnut hole combined with a Part D that does nothing to discourage drug prices from increasing at nearly double the rate of inflation, Doughnut Hole Day will hit sooner in 2007 (Sept. 13th), and even sooner in 2008 (Sept. 10th) and thereafter.
If Part D is allowed to remain fundamentally unchanged, the doughnut hole will negatively affect an increasingly high number of seniors and disabled earlier and earlier each year.
Certain subgroups of the Medicare population will reach the doughnut hole much sooner than Sept. 22nd.
Mental health patients, who require more medication as their mental health problems can complicate physical health problems and vice versa, are projected on average to reach the doughnut hole by August 6, more than a month and a half before the Medicare population as whole.15 In other examples, half of patients with schizophrenia would reach the doughnut hole by June 1.16
For patients of depression, Doughnut Hole Day would fall on June 21 and more than half of those who suffer from anxiety will hit the doughnut hole by July 6th.17
The doughnut hole also means seniors and disabled people will experience a roller coaster ride as they are hit with whopping, and often unexpected, high prices. Figure #2 demonstrates some of the ups and downs of Part D caused by the doughnut hole. The boxed stories show the important human dimension of how this rollercoaster drug benefit affects our seniors and people with disabilities.
The black hole and its fatal health consequences
Labeling the coverage gap as a doughnut hole is perhaps not the best analogy. In fact, the coverage gap operates more like a black hole; once individuals fall into it, few get out. In order to get out of the doughnut hole, one would have to reach the $5,100 threshold before the year ends and the clock resets.
More than half of the population (55%) who enter the doughnut hole will be unable to escape it.18 This means that 3.8 million Americans will enter the doughnut hole and remain in it throughout the year.19
This number could potentially be much higher due to the changes in people’s behavior once they reach the doughnut hole. Many people on low fixed incomes will be forced to reduce their prescription drug intake, regardless of the consequences to their health. This is what makes eliminating the doughnut hole absolutely critical.
This program, which was created so that seniors wouldn’t have to choose between having food on their table and getting needed prescription drugs, forces them to make this terrible choice after all, with potentially dire consequences.
A study in the New England Journal of Medicine examined the effects that capping prescription drug benefits at $1,000 has had on seniors in the Medicare +Choice plan in 2003, and the results have extremely disturbing implications for seniors falling into the doughnut hole in Part D.20
Seniors who reached this cap, which would be very similar to falling into the doughnut hole, were more likely to skip doses of treatments, visit hospital emergency departments and, most disturbing of all, they were more likely to die sooner.21 It was discovered that their annual mortality rate was 22% higher than those without such a cap on benefits.22
In addition to the great moral implications involved with allowing seniors to die from a lack of access to available medications, limiting help in obtaining prescription drugs actually costs more money.
This is due to an increase in emergency room visits and hospital stays that result from insufficient prescription medication. Because of the way that the current system is structured, the effects of the doughnut hole may increase insurers’ profits, but it will ultimately increase government costs– a rather ironic effect for a measure that was sponsored by conservative politicians.
Policy recommendations
The doughnut hole will have a devastating impact on millions of American seniors and disabled, forcing many to cut back on their needed prescription drugs and worsening their health, possibly to the point of death. And this will actually be more expensive to American taxpayers because of the increase in hospital emergency visits.
To remedy this problem it is necessary to eliminate the coverage gap known as the doughnut hole. The simple solution is to mandate the federal government to negotiate prices, much like the Veterans Administration and every other industrialized nation do, and use the savings to help plug in the doughnut hole.
A 2004 study found that if the U.S. negotiated prices, similar to other industrialized nations, there would be enough savings to completely eliminate the doughnut hole
without any increase in government savings.23 Earlier this year, economist Dean Baker with the Center for Economic and Policy Research estimated that a benefit directly from Medicare with negotiated prices could easily fill in the doughnut hole with an additional $100 billion in savings over the next ten years.24
There is legislation out there that would do this, such as the bipartisan Medicare Prescription Drug Savings and Choice Act (HR 752). Such legislation would shrink
the doughnut hole and make our seniors and people with disabilities healthier and happier, all while saving significant taxpayer money.
This legislation would also allow seniors and people with disabilities to get their benefit directly from Medicare, which is another large source of savings in its own right. But more importantly, it would make it simple for Americans to sign up for a plan that offers them guaranteed coverage without harmful provisions like the doughnut hole. This is a clear fix that will make Part D simpler to enroll in, will make it more effective towards addressing the health needs of millions of Americans, and will save both enrollees and taxpayers money.
All that is needed is for Congress to have the courage to stand up to the special interests and demand that Part D is fixed to serve the American public.
Conclusion
The doughnut hole purposely designed into the Part D prescription drug program is already causing harm to millions of Americans and will result in additional expenses to taxpayers. The average Part D enrollee is estimated to fall into the doughnut hole on September 22nd, and those with significant health problems will fall into the doughnut hole even earlier.
Seniors and people with disabilities who fall into the doughnut hole are at risk of not being able to get their prescription drugs and are more likely to end up in the hospital emergency rooms or even have their life prematurely end.
But there are simple policy solutions that would close the doughnut hole coverage gap. The best way to fill in the doughnut hole without additional expenses would be to mandate that Medicare negotiate for lower prices like the Veterans Administration and every other industrialized nation do. These savings would be more than enough to fill in the doughnut hole, and would offer additional savings to seniors and taxpayers alike.
Failing to fix Part D and fill in the doughnut hole will have dire health and financial consequences. Congress should immediately enact steps to fix the Part D disaster by eliminating the doughnut hole and giving Americans a simple and affordable prescription drug benefit directly from Medicare.